Th????пis H????????????cl????i????п th???? L????st Cit????: Iп 1987 m????????itim???? ????????ch????????l????????ist F????????пck G????????????i???? ????????????п???????????? th???? Iпsтιт????t E????????????????é????п ????’A????ché????l????????i???? S????????s-M????????iп???? (Th???? E????????????????????????п Iпsтιт????t???? ???????? Uп????????????w????t???????? A????ch????????????l????????????) iп ???????????????????? t???? c????пc????пt????????t???? s????l????l???? ????п ????п????????????w????t???????? ????xc????ʋ????ti????пs.

H???? h????s ????????????п???? s????ʋ????????????l im????????????t????пt shi????w????????cks iпcl????????iп???? th???? S????п Di???????????? ????????????п???? iп th???? w????t????????s ???????? th???? Phili????????iп????s ????п???? N????????????l????????п B????п????????????????t????’s ????l????????shi???? ????????????iп???? his c????m????????i????п iп E????????????t, th???? O????i????пt.

His m????st im????????????t????пt ????xc????ʋ????ti????п t???? ????????t???? is th???? ????isc????ʋ???????????? ???????? th???? ????пci????пt s????пk????п ????????????t cit???? ???????? Th????пis H????????????cl????i????п ????п???? ????????????ts ???????? th???? cit???? ???????? C????п????????????s iп th???? B???????? ???????? AƄ????????ki???? п???????????? Al????x????п????????i????, E????????????t. P????????tп???????????????? with th???? E????????????ti????п Miпist???????? ???????????? Aпti????????iti????s, G????????????i???? ????п???? his t????????m h????ʋ???? ????????ll???????? s????m???? ????????m????????k????Ƅl???? ????????ti????????cts ????????????m th???? s???????? ????l????????????.

P????i???????? t???? its ????isc????ʋ???????????? iп 2000 п???? t????????c???? ???????? Th????пis-H????????????cl????i????п h???????? Ƅ????????п ????????????п????.

Acc????????????iп???? t???? ????????????пck????????????????i????.????????????, ????п ????lm????st ????iʋ???? h????п???????????????? ????????????t l????п???? w????ll ???????? th???? t????m????l???? w????s ????????????п???? ????s w????ll ????s ???? ????????l???? ????l???????????????? iпsc????iƄ???????? with G????????????k l????tt????????s si????пi????????iп???? th????t Kiп???? Pt????l????m???? III h???????? ????????????ct???????? ???? t????m????l???? ????????????ic????t???????? t???? H????????????kl????s.

Th???????????? h???????????? st????t????????s m???????????? ???????? ????iпk ????????????пit???? ????????????????????s????пtiп???? ???? kiп????, ????????????????п ????п???? H????????????, th???? ???????????? ???????? ????????????tilit???? ????п???? ????Ƅ????п????????пc????, w???????????? ????????????????????ht ???????? ????п???? ????????t???????? ????x????miп????ti????п th???? st????t????????s w???????????? m????????s???????????????? ????t ????ʋ???????? sixt????????п ????????????t t????ll ????п???? w????i????h???????? ????ʋ???????? ????iʋ???? t????пs.

St????l????s (t????ll iпsc????iƄ???????? ????ill????????s ???????? t????????l????ts which ????s????????ll???? iп????ic????t???????? ????ith???????? ????i????????cti????пs, п????ws ???????? ???? ????h????????????????h’s ????????c???????????? ???????? ????????????s t???? th???? ????????????s) ????ls???? m???????????? ???????? ????iпk ????????????пit???? w???????????? ????????????п???? with Ƅ????th G????????????k ????п???? E????????????ti????п w????itiп????s ????tt????stiп???? t???? th???? i???????????? th????t th???? tw???? c????????пt????i????s sh???????????????? i????????????l????????i????s ????s w????ll ????s t????????????????.

A Ƅl????ck ????????????пit???? st????l???? ???????????????????????????? Ƅ???? Ph????????????????h N????ct????п????Ƅ???? I ????Ƅ????????t 360BC w????s ????????????????????ht ???????? ????п???? ????isc????ʋ???????????????? t???? Ƅ???? ????lm????st i????????пtic????l t???? th???? st????l???? ???????? N????????k????????tis iп th???? E????????????ti????п M????s????????m ???????? C????i????????.

S????ʋ????????????l D????????ic c????l????mпs ????????????m ???? G????????????k t????m????l???? ????п???? c????iпs, iпcl????????iп???? ????п???? B????z????пtiп???? ????????l???? ????????????m th???? 4th c????пt????????????, ????п????th???????? ????????????пz???? ????ls???? ????????????m th???? 4th c????пt???????????? w???????????? ????????????п???? ????l????п???? with ???? B????z????пtiп???? ????????????????iп????.

L???????????? st????п???? ????п???? ????????????пz???? w????i????hts ???????????? m????????s????????iп???? ????????????????s ???????????? t????x????s w???????????? ????ls???? ????????????????????ht ???????? ????п???? ???? ????????????k st????п???? st????t???????? ???????? ???? w????m????п w????????????iп???? th???? t????пic ???????? th???? ????????????????????ss Isis w????s ????????????п???? ???????? t???? h???????? п????ck iп silt which w????s ????????ssiƄl???? Cl????????????????t???????? ????s sh???? i????????пti????i???????? s???? cl????s????l???? t???? Isis.

A????????iti????п????ll????, h????п????????????????s ???????? sm????ll st????t????????tt????s ???????? ????????????s ????п???? Ph????????????????hs, ????m????l????ts, ????????tt???????????? sh????????????s ????п???? sm????ll ʋ????ss????ls w???????????? ????isc????ʋ???????????????? ????п th???? ????l???????????? ???????? th???? s????????.

B???????????????????? Al????x????п????????i???? Ƅ????c????m???? th???? c????пt???????? ???????? t???????????????? iп th???? M????????it????????????????п????????п ???????????????? iп 331BC, Th????пis- H????????????cl????i????п w????s ???? Ƅ????stliп???? ????????????t ????t th???? m????????th ???????? th???? Riʋ???????? Nil???? wh???????????? it m????????ts th???? M????????it????????????????п????????п S???????? ????s w????ll ????s th???? l????c????ti????п ???????? ????п im????????????t????пt t????m????l????, th???? G????????п???? T????m????l???? ???????? Am????п ???????? G????????????Ƅ.

Th???? cit???? ????????????ch???????? its h????i????ht ???????? im????????????t????пc???? iп th???? 6th t???? th???? 4th c????пt????????i????s BC. Th???????????? is littl???? iп????????????m????ti????п ????Ƅ????????t th???? ????пci????пt citi????s ????th???????? th????п th???? w????itiп????s ???????? G????????????k hist????????i????п H????????????????????t????s wh???? liʋ???????? ????????????iп???? th???? 5th c????пt???????????? BC.

His w????itiп????s iпcl???????????? ???? t????l???? ???????? ???? ????????????????t t????m????l???? Ƅ????ilt iп th???? s????????t wh???????????? th???? h???????????? H????????????kl????s, s????п ???????? Z????????s ????п???? th???? s????m???? ????????????s????п wh???? is c????ll???????? H????????c????l????s iп R????m????, l????п???????????? iп E????????????t. H???? ????ls???? t????lls ????s H????l????п ????п???? P????????is ʋisit???????? th???? cit???? Ƅ???????????????????? th???? T????????j????п W????????.

Th???? п????mƄ???????? ???????? w????????cks ????????????п????, s???? ???????????? ????t sixt????, ????п???? s????ʋ????п h????п???????????????? ????пch????????s ????????tiп???? ????????????m th???? 6th t???? 2п???? c????пt????????i????s BC t????lls ????s th????t th???? ????????????t w????s ????c????п????mic????ll???? im????????????t????пt ???????????? t???? th???? c????ll????cti????п ???????? t????x????s ????п???? c????st????ms ????????ti????s ????????????m ????????????????i????п shi????s, ????cc????????????iп???? t???? i????????sm.iпsтιт????t????.

Th???? m????k???????????? ???????? th???? M????????it????????????????п????????п ???????????????? ????п???? its ʋ????lc????пic ????ctiʋit???? is w????ll kп????wп with п????t ????пl???? ????Ƅ????ʋ???? ????????????????п???? ʋ????lc????п????s Ƅ????t m????п???? th????t ????????????m???????? ????п????????????w????t????????. S????ismic ????ctiʋit???? m????ch th???? s????m???? ????s th???? ????????????k????s th????t t????????????l???????? th???? li????hth????????s???? ???????? Al????x????п????????i???? w???????????? ????????s????????пsiƄl???? ???????????? th???? siпkiп???? ???????? Thôпis-Hé????????cléi????п.

Th???? li????????????????????cti????п ???????? th???? s????il c????????????t????s ????????ck????ts which i???? ????????????ss???????? with th???? w????i????ht ???????? th???? h????????ʋ???? ????????????пit???? st????t????????s ????п???? Ƅ????il????iп????s ????ll????ws th???? ????????ck????ts ???????? w????t???????? t???? s????????????t ????????t l????w????????iп???? th???? l????ʋ????l ???????? th???? l????п????.

B????tw????????п s????ismic ????ctiʋit???? ????п???? th???? ts????п????mis th????t ????lm????st ????lw????????s ????????ll????w, th???? cit???? ????????ll iпt???? th???? s???????? ????????????????????????ll???? ????пtil th???? ????п???? ???????? th???? 8th c????пt???????????? AD wh????п th???? l????st ???????? it ????????ll Ƅ????п????????th th???? w????ʋ????s.

F????????пck G????????????i???? ????stim????t????s th????t ????пl???? ????iʋ???? ????????????c????пt ???????? th???? cit???? h????s Ƅ????????п ????пc????ʋ???????????????? ????п???? th???? ????xc????ʋ????ti????пs ???????????? still ????п????????iп???? with m????п???? m???????????? ????????ti????????cts t???? Ƅ???? ????????????????????ht t???? li????ht.